1
Q
Who were the Freedom Riders?
A
The Freedom Riders were a group of blacks and whites, many of them college students, who traveled across the South in 1961 to challenge segregation laws, especially on buses and in bus station waiting rooms. They were testing whether the Federal Government would actually enforce rules and regulations that prohibited discrimination.
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2
Q
This was a demonstration by more than 200,000 people in support of the 1963 Civil Rights Bill. There were numerous speakers throughout the day. At this demonstration, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.
A
The March of Washington for Jobs and Freedom (August 1963)
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3
Q
What significant provisions were in the 1964 Civil Rights Act?
A
1) This landmark piece of legislation outlawed racial discrimination by employers and unions.
2) It banned discrimination in public accommodations.
3) It created the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) to enforce the law.
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4
Q
This African-American lawyer for the NAACP helped win the Brown v. Board of Education case and went on to become the first African-American justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.
A
Thurgood Marshall
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5
Q
What does NAACP stand for?
A
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
This group brought legal challenges to various local, state and federal laws and regulations in order to help African-Americans achieve equality.
This group still exists today.
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6
Q
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Brown v. Board of Education ruling was _______________.
A
Earl Warren.
The Warren Court would issue other landmark rulings in addition to Brown v. Board, including rulings that protected the rights of those accused of crimes. The Miranda vs. Arizona ruling helped to establish your Miranda Rights - “You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you….”
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7
Q
Who was Emmett Till?
A
Emmett Till was a Chicago teenager who was spending the summer of 1955 with relatives in Mississippi. After allegedly “sassing” a white woman named Carolyn Bryant, Emmett Till was beaten and murdered by Roy Bryant, the husband of Carolyn.
When Emmett’s mother demanded an open casket funeral so the whole world could see what white men did to her son, the outraged nation had more sympathy for the Civil Rights Movement and the plight of African-Americans.
This event helped the movement gain momentum.
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8
Q
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 do?
A
This law, signed by President Eisenhower, was the first civil rights legislation passed since Reconstruction. It established the United States Civil Rights Commission which was given the power to investigate violations of civil rights. Also, this law gave the US Attorney General more power to protect the voting rights of African-Americans.
Overall, this law lacked teeth, meaning it was not enforced and lacked the power to really be effective.
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9
Q
What started the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955?
A
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger while riding a Montgomery, Alabama bus on December 1, 1955. She was arrested and fined. This sparked the boycott.
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10
Q
What was the outcome of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
A
The boycott lasted for more than 1 year. In the end, the buses were integrated and this became a victory for the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
It also turned Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a local Baptist minister, into a nation-wide leader of the Civil Rights Movement.
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11
Q
What methods did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocate to help African-Americans make gains in the Civil Rights Movement?
A
Dr. King advocated NON-VIOLENT CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE.
What does this mean? Dr. King did NOT want to see any violence. Instead, he thought the best weapon for African-Americans was to stand-up against laws the were not fair (Unjust laws). He said African-Americans should break these laws in a NON-VIOLENT, loving way.
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12
Q
What does SCLC stand for?
A
SCLC = Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
This was the group established by Dr. Martin Luther King to continue the struggle for Civil Rights. It advocated nonviolent resistance to fight injustice.
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13
Q
Who were the Little Rock Nine?
A
The Little Rock Nine were a group of African-American high school students who were selected to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957.
When the group arrived at school, they were met by an angry white mob who wanted to keep segregated schools and threatened to lynch, or kill, the students.
Eventually, President Eisenhower sent in the 101st airborne troops to escort the students into school and keep the peace.
At the end of the 1957-1958 school year, Ernest Green, one of the nine, became the first black student to graduate from Central High School.
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14
Q
Why did President Eisenhower send in the Federal Troops (101st Airborne) and force integration of Central High?
A
Eisenhower was NOT a major advocate (or supporter) of civil rights. However, as President, his job was to ENFORCE THE LAW….including the 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board which said the schools must be integrated. He felt that some southerners, including the white mob in Little Rock, were simply in violation of the Court’s ruling. He was acting as the Chief Executive of the United States and as Commander-In-Chief of the military.
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15
Q
What was the Greensboro Sit-in of 1960?
A
The Greensboro Sit-in was when 4 black college students walked into the Woolworth store in Greensboro, NC and sat at the lunch counter, demanding to be served. The rules of the Jim Crow South required blacks to stand at the end of the counter and get their food “to go.”
These four students were denied service. However, more supporters came in the next day and staged a larger sit-in. Eventually, the sit-in movement spread and many lunch counters and other facilities were integrated (in other words, segregation ended).
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16
Q
What does SNCC stand for?
A
SNCC = Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
SNCC was a group of college-aged kids who fought against segregation and other injustices with NON-VIOLENT methods.
The ultimate goal of this group was to create a grass-roots (LOCAL LEVEL) movement that involved all classes of African-Americans in America to defeat white racism and achieve equality.
17
Q
Who was James Meredith?
A
James Meredith was an African-American who wanted to enroll at the University of Mississippi, which at the time was all-white. Meredith, an air force veteran, won a federal court case in 1962 that ordered the University of Mississippi to integrate (or desegregate).
This became a standoff between the governor of Mississippi and the Federal Government. Eventually, President Kennedy sent Federal Troops to escort James Meredith onto campus to enroll, thereby integrating the University of Mississippi.
18
Q
What was the Birmingham Campaign?
A
Birmingham, Alabama was one of the most segregated cities in the entire country. It was the place of the Birmingham Campaign, which was a long-fought, sustained effort at attempting to achieve gains for Civil Rights.
In Birmingham, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested and placed in jail, where he wrote the famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail.”
Later, images from the Birmingham events, including photographs of police dogs attacking young, nonviolent protesters and fire hoses being turned on young people, changed the minds of many Americans IN FAVOR of civil rights.
19
Q
Why was “Letter from Birmingham Jail” such an important document?
A
This letter, written by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. while in jail, became a blueprint for the Civil Rights Movement.
It laid out a powerful argument for why Civil Rights for African-Americans were necessary and why African-Americans should not continue to wait.
20
Q
What was Freedom Summer?
A
During the summer of 1964, around 1,000 volunteers, mostly black and white college students, went to Mississippi to focus on registering African-Americans to vote.
During this event, three civil rights workers, were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan. Their bodies were hidden and were not discovered until President Johnson ordered a massive search. They were shot at close range and buried in an earthen dam.
21
Q
What happened at the March on Selma?
A
In 1965, Dr. King and the SCLC organized a major campaign in Selma, Alabama to pressure to Federal Government to create and enforce voting rights legislation. The campaign was the culminate in a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.
The nonviolent protest march turned deadly when state troopers and local authorities attached the marchers and beat them.
This inspired President Johnson to call for federal Voting rights legislation.
22
Q
What were the major provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
A
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests and gave the federal government more power to oversee voter registration and elections in states that traditionally discriminated against African-Americans.
In short, this act was designed to remove barriers so that African-Americans, especially in the South, would finally be able to exercise their right to vote (suffrage) without discrimination.
23
Q
What was the 24th Amendment?
A
Ratified in 1964, the 24th Amendment banned the poll tax. The poll tax had been used to keep poor African-Americans from voting.
24
Q
How did the views of Malcom X differ from those of Dr. Martin Luther King?
A
Malcom X was a black, Muslim SEPARATIST who joined the Nation of Islam group. He was more radical than Dr. King. Malcom X wanted blacks to SEPARATE FROM white society, either by going back to Africa OR by having the US Government give blacks a separate territory to call home here in the Western Hemisphere.
Malcom X believed that Dr. Martin Luther King was too accommodating to whites who had a long, long history of discriminating against African-Americans.
Malcom X was later assassinated, most likely by rival black muslims.
25
Q
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
A
Carmichael was a SNCC leader who later advocated for “Black Power.” Carmichael said black power meany African-Americans should sue their economic and political muscle (AS A GROUP) to gain equality. Many white Americans felt threatened by Carmichael and the idea of “black power.”
26
Q
This group became the symbol of young, militant African-Americans. They organized armed patrols of urban neighborhoods to protect people from police abuse. They also created antipoverty programs, such as free breakfasts fro poor African-American children.
A
The Black Panthers
27
Q
What happened to Martin Luther King in 1968?
A
King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 by a white ex-convict named James Earl Ray. King was standing on the balcony outside his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee. King was 39.
28
Q
What does CORE stand for?
A
CORE = Congress of Racial Equality.
This group organized peaceful protests to gain civil rights.
29
Q
What was the Fair Housing Act of 1968?
A
This Federal Law banned discrimination in housing.
